Class 12

■ RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

UNIT 1: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

■ ALGEBRA

■ CALCULUS

■ VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Types of relations

Types of functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

■ LINEAR PROGRAMMING

■ PROBABILITY

■ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

■ LINEAR INEQUALITIES

UNIT 2: ALGEBRA

Matrices and Determinants

■ MATHEMATICAL REASONING

■ STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Algebra of Matrices

Inverse of a Matrix

Determinants

Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

UNIT 3: CALCULUS

Continuity and Differentiability

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Application of Derivatives

Integrals

Definite Integrals

Applications of Integrals

Unit 4: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Vectors and Scalars

Addition of Vectors

Scalar and Vector Products

Three-Dimensional Geometry

UNIT 5: LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Introduction to Linear Programming

Mathematical Formulation of LPP

Graphical Method of Solution

UNIT 6: PROBABILITY

Conditional Probability

Multiplication Theorem on Probability

Independent Events

Bayes' Theorem

UNIT 7: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Definition and Formation of Differential Equations

Order and Degree of a Differential Equation

General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation

Formation of a Differential Equation

UNIT 8: LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Linear Inequalities

Algebraic Solutions

Graphical Solution

UNIT 9: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

Statements and Its Types

Validating Statements

UNIT 10: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Measures of Dispersion

Analysis of Frequency Distribution

Probability Distribution

Advanced Vocabulary:

- Synonyms, antonyms, and idioms

- Academic and technical terms

- Word roots and prefixes

Grammar Refinement:

- Complex sentence structures

- Active and passive voice

- Conditional sentences

Effective Communication:

- Debate and public speaking skills

- Expressing opinions and arguments

- Negotiation and persuasion techniques

Reading and Analysis:

Writing Proficiency:

- Essay writing with clear organization and coherence

- Research skills and citation methods

Cultural & Contextual Understanding:

- Analyzing literature and non-fiction texts

- Interpreting figurative language and symbolism

- Exposure to different cultures and traditions

- Reading and discussing diverse perspectives

■ ELECTROSTATICS

Unit 1: ELECTROSTATICS

■ KINEMATICS

Electric charges and fields

■ CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Gauss's law

■ MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Electric potential and capacitance

■ ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electric current and resistance

■ ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Unit 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

■ OPTICS

Electric current in conductors

■ DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Ohm's law and its limitations

■ ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Electrical energy and power

■ ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Kirchhoff's laws and simple circuits

■ COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Unit 3: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot-Savart law and Ampere's law

Magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor

Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

Magnetic field due to a current-carrying solenoid and a toroid

Unit 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

Lenz's law and self-induction

Alternating currents, AC voltage, and AC generators

Transformers and their applications

Unit 5: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics

Electromagnetic spectrum and applications

Unit 6: OPTICS

Reflection and refraction of light

Lens and mirror formula

Wave nature of light and interference

Diffraction and polarization of light

Unit 7: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Photoelectric effect

Matter waves and de Broglie wavelength

Photoelectric effect

Unit 8: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Atomic structure and Bohr's model

Radioactivity and nuclear reactions

Atomic structure and Bohr's model

Unit 9: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Semiconductor devices

Junction diodes and rectifiers

Transistors and their applications

Unit 10: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Basic elements of a communication system

Modulation and demodulation

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere

■ SOLID STATE

■ SOLUTIONS

■ ELECTROCHEMISTRY

■ CHEMICAL KINETICS

■ SURFACE CHEMISTRY

■ GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

■ P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

■ D- AND F-BLOCK ELEMENTS

UNIT 1: SOLID STATE

Classification of solids

Crystal lattice and unit cell

Packing in solids

Imperfections in solids

Electrical and magnetic properties

Band theory of metals

■ COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

■ HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

■ ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

■ ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

■ ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

■ BIOMOLECULES

■ POLYMERS

■ CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

UNIT 2: SOLUTIONS

Types of solutions

Solubility and factors affecting it

Colligative properties

Abnormal molar mass

Ideal and non-ideal solutions

Raoult's law and colligative properties

UNIT 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Redox reactions

Electrochemical cells

Nernst equation

Conductance and its measurement

Electrolytic conductance

Applications of electrochemistry

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of chemical reaction

Factors affecting reaction rates

Integrated rate equations

Order and molecularity of reactions

Activation energy and catalysis

UNIT 5: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption

Colloids

Emulsions and their characteristics

Catalysis and its types

Zeolites and their uses

UNIT 6: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

Principles of metallurgical operations

Concentration of ores

Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore

Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles

Refining of metals

UNIT 7: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group 15 to 18 elements

Preparation, properties, and uses of compounds of these elements

Group 18 elements (Noble gases)

UNIT 8: D- AND F-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition metals

Lanthanoids and Actinoids

Properties, preparation, and uses of compounds of these elements

UNIT 9: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Werner's theory and coordination compounds

Isomerism in coordination compounds

Bonding in coordination compounds

Applications of coordination compounds

UNIT 10: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

Nomenclature and nature of C-X bond

Preparation, properties, and uses of haloalkanes and haloarenes

Polyhalogen compounds

Environmental effects of chloroform and iodoform

UNIT 11: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

Classification, nomenclature, and structures

Methods of preparation

Properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers

Identification of functional groups

UNIT 12: ALDEHYDES, KETONES, AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Nomenclature and structure

Methods of preparation

Properties and reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids

Identification of functional groups

UNIT 13: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines and their classification

Structure, nomenclature, and properties of amines

Preparation of amines

Diazonium salts and their chemical reactions

UNIT 14: BIOMOLECULES

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Structure and functions of biomolecules

Enzymes and their mechanism of action

Hormones and their functions

UNIT 15: POLYMERS

Classification of polymers

Types of polymerization reactions

Molecular mass determination

Biodegradable polymers

UNIT 15: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Drugs and their classification

Chemicals in food

Cleansing agents

Analysis of drugs and pharmaceuticals

■ REPRODUCTION

UNIT 1: REPRODUCTION

■ GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

■ BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

Reproduction in organisms

■ BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Human reproduction

■ REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

■ GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Reproductive health

■ BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

■ BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

UNIT 2: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Principles of inheritance and variation

Molecular basis of inheritance

Evolution

UNIT 3: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

Human health and diseases

Strategies for enhancement in food production

Microbes in human welfare

Biotechnology: Principles and processes

Biotechnology and its applications

UNIT 4: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Organisms and populations

Ecosystem

Biodiversity and its conservation

Environmental issues

UNIT 5: REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

Reproduction in organisms

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Human reproduction

Reproductive health

UNIT 6: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Principles of inheritance and variation

Molecular basis of inheritance

Evolution

UNIT 7: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

Human health and diseases

Strategies for enhancement in food production

Microbes in human welfare

Biotechnology: Principles and processes

Biotechnology and its applications

UNIT 8: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Organisms and populations

Ecosystem

Biodiversity and its conservation

Environmental issues

FOR SCIENCE STREAM

Advanced programming concepts and data structures

Database management systems and SQL

Advanced web development using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

Object-oriented programming concepts

Computer networks and network security

Introduction to artificial intelligence and machine learning

Introduction to computer graphics and animation

FOR COMMERCE STREAM

Introduction to programming using a high-level language like Python

Database management systems and SQL

Introduction to computer networks and internet technology

Introduction to computer applications in business and accounting software

Introduction to e-commerce and digital marketing

Introduction to computer security and data privacy

India in the 20th century: Nationalist movements, Indian National Congress, and the role of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi.

Indian freedom struggle: Non-cooperation movement, civil disobedience movement, Quit India movement, and Partition of India.

Post-independence India: Formation of the Indian Constitution, socio-economic development, and major challenges faced by the country.

World history: Major events and movements, such as the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, World Wars, and the Cold War.

Contemporary world events and their impact on India.